For example, one personality item in the NEO-PI-R [28] reads “I am not a very methodical person”.

For each sample, we performed multiple linear regression models with the personality scores as predictor variables. �$䆍*Y�˲1!�q^�=���Pl>�;�+�F��r�7R�g�To��* ���sv"�F�l���+^���tZ�@t�� ϻ�Y��B��B�+�pD�˞"�lh�ȎR�G�*u���8'�O����� @�y� ��L^�r,X�F'��{6��������@��oR��')�eQQ�O�)*ߕ��$�&�Tp�g�ݱQ�4��K�v@I?ޙ�|I��Z��n�Tn?��6F3�X�[�N�� Unlike von Wittich and Antonakis [34], we do not agree that cognitive styles are no longer “in style”.

Then, we assessed the part of explained CSI variance using regressions with EIV modelling to control for biases from the error of explicative variables [49]. Cognitive styles A cognitive style can be defined as “a person’s preferred way of gathering, processing, and evaluating information” (Hayes & Allinson, 1998, p. 850). In sample 2, men as compared to women scored higher on openness (t(98) = 2.32, p = .022), agreeableness (t(85) = 3.12, p = .002), and lower on emotionality (t(92) = 7.52, p < .001) and honesty (t(88) = 3.67, p < .001) of the HEXACO-PI-R. While intelligence is a general indicator of an individual’s performance, the promise of cognitive styles was to allow for a more in-depth examination of how an individual adapts to a situation.

In other words, we assumed a priori that part of the Big-5 factors variance represents spontaneous errors, estimated as 1-ω [50], that is errors uncorrelated with the predictors. The literature indicates that cognitive styles assessed via i) questionnaires are predicted by personality and ii) performance tests (e.g., Group Embedded Figures Test; GEFT) are related to general intelligence. Second, we tested to which extent analytical-over-intuitive CSI scores could be predicted by personality. Subsequently, we tested the correlation of these scores with the NEO-FFI and RSMT scores, respectively. To us, both cognitive style questionnaires items seem to capture how what is assessed by this NEO-FFI item is likely expressed and experienced in concrete situations. Methodology, Roles Firstly, neither method is adequate for measuring the concept at hand. We conclude that we should focus on the development of theory-driven measures of cognitive styles that satisfy the promises of the concept.

This reliability estimates the correlation of the CSI with the latent trait it aims to assess. The highest analytical cognitive style would correspond to a score of 76 and an extreme intuitive cognitive style of 0. Participants completed the tasks in the following order: GEFT, RSMT, CSI, and NEO-FFI. that a cognitive style should not be superior to another).

Thus, it seems that cognitive style measures of either type seem inapt to fulfil the cognitive styles promises, as they do not bridge between personality and intelligence—as originally intended [2–4]—and fails to overcome hierarchical assumptions about intelligence [3]. For instance, Riding and Cheema [7] regretted that researchers in cognitive styles failed to take each other’s work sufficiently into consideration. Improved or new measures of cognitive style should satisfy at least two conditions that are key to the definition of the concept of cognitive style. In these cognitive style questionnaires, trait and state features are combined as if the aim is the measurement of a “personality in action”. 'B��~���՚�߻F����e�]�B;���;�Dl�:O2y�+ɺL�mn~8����vh�����H�*8Y�|�{��ܝHf��Pf]�C�)��dV�W*�;�s�-����{ᶋy]���롱��L�`��ܼ\�ŽY4����U�"�����#R�r�,)�#ŗE"�._T�B=�ز�N�^F�F~֏�BR�WERI^x�j~>l���va�J՟���"����]c�����qZ+ȃ���/��#�J�2�4���I�ÅR�B��<=�9�NA5x!��

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