Origins of agriculture - Origins of agriculture - South America: In the highlands of south-central Chile, potatoes were collected as early as 11,000 bp. They placed their own actions within the US Cold War doctrine of "National Security" against internal subversion. In 1825 the proclamation of independence of Cisplatina led to the Cisplatine War between historical rivals the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, Argentina's predecessor.

Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana, although there are at least twelve other languages spoken in the country, including Portuguese, Chinese, Hindustani and several native languages. Fifty percent of the South American surface is covered by forests, but timber industries are small and directed to domestic markets. The richest 10% receive over 40% of the nation's income in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay,[78] while the poorest 20% receive 4% or less in Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia. At the same time the political instability in Uruguay led to the Uruguayan Civil War among the main political factions of the country. In most of the countries with English as an official language, however, it is considered a continent; see Americas (terminology). [76], Since 1930, the continent has experienced remarkable growth and diversification in most economic sectors. The Brazilian Highlands has a much higher hydroelectric potential than the Andean region and its possibilities of exploitation are greater due to the existence of several large rivers with high margins and the occurrence of great differences forming huge cataracts, such as those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. Spanning the border between Peru and Bolivia, Lake Titicaca is often considered to be the highest commercially navigable lake in the world, with ships carrying vehicles and passengers across the lake. A series of authoritarian rules broke out in South American countries with views bringing them closer to the Axis Powers,[51] like Vargas's Brazil. His attempt to cross Argentinian territory without Argentinian approval led the pro-Brazilian Argentine government into the war.

[22], The east-central Brazilian plateau has a humid and warm tropical climate. The oldest common bean in the Americas is from Guitarrero Cave (Peru) and is directly dated to 4300 bp.

In 1494, Portugal and Spain, the two great maritime European powers of that time, on the expectation of new lands being discovered in the west, signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, by which they agreed, with the support of the Pope, that all the land outside Europe should be an exclusive duopoly between the two countries. Thus, the development of successful tropical lowland swidden systems with crops such as avocados, cacao, chili peppers, cotton, manioc, corn, papayas, sweet potatoes, and tobacco may have a long history in the Amazon basin. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Peru suffered from an internal conflict. In South America, commercial aviation has a magnificent expansion field, which has one of the largest traffic density lines in the world, Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo, and large airports, such as Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos International and Viracopos (São Paulo), Rio de Janeiro International and Santos Dumont (Rio de Janeiro), El Dorado (Bogotá), Ezeiza (Buenos Aires), Tancredo Neves International Airport (Belo Horizonte), Curitiba International Airport (Curitiba), Brasilia, Caracas, Montevideo, Lima, Viru Viru International Airport (Santa Cruz de la Sierra), Recife, Salvador, Salgado Filho International Airport (Porto Alegre), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém.

This appointment provoked severe popular resistance, which created Juntas to rule in the name of the captured king.

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