Most observant Jews are believers of Orthodox Judaism, but there are as well communities of Chabad-Lubavitch and Reform Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism. The Armenian Catholic Church has a very small presence. In 1991 after Ukraine became independent the Pope officially restored Roman Catholic church activities in the country. Mr. Shchupak, the historian, said anti-Semitism, while not officially promoted by the Soviet authorities, was so rife that his own parents “were ashamed they were Jews.” He found out only when classmates in school saw records that gave his “nationality” as Jewish.

Only a small fraction of people remained official church-goers in that period, and the number of non-believers increased.

The Crimean Tartars were finally allowed to return to Crimea in the 1980s but has never recovered from the event.

Aside from a few posts on social media, which included a comment on Facebook by an adviser to Mr. Poroshenko that “the president of Ukraine must be Ukrainian and Christian,” Mr. Zelensky’s background played “zero role” in the election campaign, said Mr. Shchupak. Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk is the present head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. This situation changed in 1648 when Bohdan Khmelnytsky led an uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, creating the Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine. Ukraine was under Soviet Rule for almost 70 years which meant that generations of Ukrainians grew up without religion. Latin Rite Catholicism, instead, is the religion of 0.8% of the population of Ukraine, mostly in western (1.3%) and central (1.2%) regions. Before 988 AD Ukraine was a pagan country but that year Vladimir the Great, leader of the Kievan Rus', converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Historically, there were two main ways of spreading Islam in Ukraine: the eastern (North Caucasus) and southern (Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire).

There are no single administrative centre, instead there are five of them: Spiritual Administration of Crimea Muslims (DUMK) - Crimean Tatars; Spiritual Administration of Ukraine Muslims (DUMU) - people of Caucasus, Crimean and Volga Tatars, Pakistani, Afghans, Arabs, Russians, Ukrainians; Spiritual Centre of Ukraine Muslims (DCUM) - Volga Tatars; Kyiv muftiat - Kazan and Volga Tatars; UMMA - Arabs, Uzbeks, Russians, Ukrainians. The rabbi, a member of the Chabad movement that has spearheaded efforts to revive Jewish faith across the former Soviet Union, said he had advised Dnipro’s Jews to shed what he called the “oy-vey complex” — the tendency to fear the worst and shy away from their Jewishness. According to Article 35 of the Constitution of Ukraine, every Ukrainian citizen has a right to freedom of religion. Jews, the archbishop said, think of themselves as “God’s chosen people, and think they should be in charge.” But they pose far less danger than “schismatics,” he said, who are “breaking the unity of the Slavic world.”.

[2], Hinduism is a minority faith in Ukraine. Worshipers outside his church in the center of Dnipro said they did not care about Mr. Zelensky’s religious background.

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