They memorized Mr. Ward’s poem, “Bound for the Promised Land,” sang William Crosse’s inspirational words to “The Land of Hope,” and laughed at Fon Holly’s political cartoons, “DESERTION” and “THE AWAKENING” (September 2, 1916, and August 19, 1916). While maintaining its concern for the black soldier in Europe, the Defender also began detailing both the atrocities inflicted on blacks in the American South and the burgeoning opportunities awaiting them in the industrialized North. On February 6, 1956, the Defender became a daily newspaper. Of Chicago protests, the editors wrote, "The demonstrations, so loudly denounced by City Hall and most of the press, have proved their justification beyond the shadow of a doubt…. At the time it was the largest black-owned daily newspaper in the world. The Chicago Defender was founded in 1905 by Robert Sengstacke Abbott.. Abbott published the first issue, a run of 300 copies, on May 6, 1905. The migration unleashed new social, political, and religious movements, all of which found their way into the paper. Abbott and his paper began encouraging a southern exodus away from the oppressive South and toward the “Promised Land” of the North. In 1965, Stengstacke purchased long-time rival newspaper The Pittsburgh Courier and added it to his chain of papers which includes The Michigan Chronicle in Detroit, Michigan, and The Tri-State Defender in Memphis, Tennessee. Legislatures dominated by conservative white Democrats established racial segregation and Jim Crow.

It also created a sense of place and an important lens into Chicago life, culture, and politics as the city changed over time. [9] Chicago was portrayed as a lively city where blacks commonly went to the theaters, ate out at fancy restaurants, attended sports events, including "cheering for the American Black Giants, black America's favorite baseball team", and could dance all night in the hottest night clubs. Washington D.C and international correspondent Ethel Payne, poet Gwendolyn Brooks, author Willard Motley, journalists Ida B. Often after being smuggled to the South, it is estimated that many copies of the Defender were read by four to five African Americans, who passed it from person to person and read it aloud wherever blacks congregated. The paper unflinchingly demanded safety, equal rights, and recognition for black soldiers who sacrificed their lives for freedom in Europe. The Chicago Defender's editor and founder Robert Sengstacke Abbott played a major role in influencing the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North by means of strong, moralistic rhetoric in his editorials and political cartoons, the promotion of Chicago as a destination, and the advertisement of successful black individuals as inspiration for blacks in the South. 11 Aug. 2020 .

1400 Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20560, Get the latest information about timed passes and tips for planning your visit, Search the collection and explore our exhibitions, centers, and digital initiatives, Online resources for educators, students, and families, Engage with us and support the Museum from wherever you are, Learn more about the Museum and view recent news, The Abbott Sengstacke Family Papers/Robert Abbott Sengstacke via Getty Images, Jack Delano/Library Of Congress via Getty Images, Illustration by Scott Olson via Getty Images, National Museum of African American History and Culture. ." It also published early works of poet Gwendolyn Brooks; the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize in any category.

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