[73][74] It was designed to operate in conjunction with the Brilliant Eyes sensor system. ERINT was a prototype missile similar to the FLAGE, but it used a new solid-propellant rocket motor that allowed it to fly faster and higher than FLAGE. In 2019, space-based interceptor development resumed for the first time in 25 years with President Trump's signing of the National Defense Authorization Act. These colonies became self-governing and many were subjected to Cold War pressures and influences. Citation information Team B was an investigative committee established by US president Gerald Ford in 1976. Numerous variants have been produced since its inception, including air-, ship-, and sub-launched versions. 110113, The Star Wars Enigma: Behind the Scenes of the Cold War Race for Missile Defense By Nigel Hey. This post is a comprehensive timeline of the Cold War, from the origins of the Russian-American conflict following World War Two to the final dissolution of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 20th century. [77], Though regarded as one of the most capable SDI systems, the Brilliant Pebbles program was canceled in 1994 by the BMDO.[78]. In this view, the United States and the West acted benignly and simply responded to Soviet belligerence. Development was cancelled in 1963. "United States General Accounting Office, Ballistic Missile Defense: "SDI: Technology, Survivability, and Software", "BEAR (Beam Experiments Aboard a Rocket) Project. [22], The US Army had considered the issue of ballistic missile defense (BMD) as early as late in World War II. THE SECOND Cold War is a rematch among the same teams that opposed each other for most of the First Cold War. That is, attacking elements of the defensive system. It was designed to replace the MAD doctrine that Reagan and his aides described as a suicide pact. Previous IT'S OFFICIAL: Russia pulls out of nuclear START Treaty. This US-financed relief package provided funds to European nations to assist their reconstruction after World War II. [94] Some critics used the term derisively, implying it was an impractical science fiction. Additionally, the SDIO invested in computer systems, component miniaturization, and sensors. quicklr acquired che nucleus of ics own missile program. On the other hand, many others[who?] When reformer Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he began to drastically cut Soviet military spending, particularly the anti-ballistic missile program the USSR had started in response to SDI. USSR (in Russian, CCCP) In 1985, for example, physicist Wolfgang Panofsky wrote in Physics Today, ABM defense technology deserves further research within treaty limits, but the Star Wars program is too large, too political, raises false hopes and poses grave dangers to national and world security. Members of the Reagan administration, however, pushed back against this notion. [47] The GPALS system also was able to protect the United States from attacks coming from all different parts of the world.[47]. Teller argued that DEWs could potentially defend against a nuclear attack, characterizing them as the third generation of nuclear weapons after fission and thermonuclear weapons, respectively (Rhodes 179). It was meant to develop a space-based anti-missile system. Teller's X-ray laser, run under Project Excalibur, failed several key tests in 1986 and was soon being suggested solely for the anti-satellite role. Self-determination is a political principle which argues that populations should have the right to decide their own political system and government. The Harpoon (RGM-84/UGM-84/AGM-84) is a U.S.-designed subsonic antiship cruise missile that has been in service since 1977. 3. Among other controversies, SDI threatened to undermine the American and Soviet deterrence policy of mutually assured destruction (MAD). This represented a significant improvement over previous efforts, which were only able to achieve about one shot per month. Mutually assured destruction was a Cold War principle which suggested that a premeditated nuclear attack was unlikely, since both sides knew that the other would retaliate. nuclear deterrence This was essentially the combination of the sensors on the garage satellites and the low-orbit tracking stations on the Smart Rocks missile. Even if a nuclear first strike destroyed many of the opponent's weapons, sufficient nuclear missiles would survive to render a devastating counter-strike against the attacker. In addition to being considered for destroying ballistic missile threats, railguns were also being planned for service in space platform (sensor and battle station) defense. It is part of the Wilson Center's History and Public Policy Program. What had really changed was that Teller was now selling his latest nuclear weapon, the X-ray laser. Reagan called upon American scientists and engineers to develop a system that would render nuclear weapons obsolete. BAMBI used a series of satellites carrying interceptor missiles that would attack the Soviet ICBMs shortly after launch. For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. [54], Developed by Lockheed as part of the ground-based interceptor portion of SDI, the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS) began in 1985, with at least two tests occurring in the early 1990s. The announcement of SDI shocked officials around the globe. This requirement of being "cost effective at the margin" was first formulated by Paul Nitze in November 1985.[82]. On March 27, 1984more than a year after Reagan had announced SDIAir Force Lieutenant General James Abrahamson was appointed as the first director of the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO). The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requires "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control." Its main aim was to limit communism in the region. Title: Cold War glossary M to Z Singing Revolution Eighteen were in Arkansas, from which intercontinental ballistic missiles carrying nine-megaton nuclear warheads could be launched to strike targets as far as 5,500 miles away. The Non-Aligned Movement was an organisation of governments not allied with either the Soviet or Western blocs. What about stealth bombers? Securitate Strategic Air Command (or SAC) Firsc used agai nsc London in June 1944. che V-1 was an effective weapon svstem. View all posts by Nwo Report. To many, it was as unexpected as it was provocative. Mutual Defense Assistance Act [103], A military officer who was involved in covert operations at the time has told journalist Seymour Hersh that much of the publicity about the program was deliberately false and intended to expose Soviet spies:[104]. Hypervelocity railguns are, at least conceptually, an attractive alternative to a space-based defense system because of their envisioned ability to quickly shoot at many targets. Their summary stated simply: We estimate that all existing candidates for directed energy weapons (DEWs) require two or more orders of magnitude, (powers of 10) improvements in power output and beam quality before they may be seriously considered for application in ballistic missile defense systems. Science Advisor George Keyworth argued, I have been asked time and time again one simple question, is it now a good time to attempt a development of a technological solution to making ballistic missiles obsolete? It included the segmentation of greater Germany and the stripping away of its industries, leaving a primarily agricultural economy. The Kremlin expressed concerns that space-based missile defenses would make nuclear war inevitable. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (or SALT I and SALT II) It involved using deliberate signals and sending false information to communist countries, to create the impression that Nixon was unstable and may use nuclear weapons against them. It often involves radical political ideas and some violence. Cold War - UPSC Notes:-Download PDF Here. Warsaw Pact SS-N-30 Russian warships let fly 26 of these cruise missiles on October 7, 2017. NATO is a trans-Atlantic military alliance, formed in 1949. "Soviets could have laser able to blind US satellites", "A Newly Declassified CIA Paper Details A Tense Subplot in the Cold War Arms Race", "Moscow's Response to US Plans for Missile Defense", Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems, Protocol to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems, "Scientist Said to Assert Fraud in 'Star Wars', "Army Accuses SDI Critic of Falsifying Credentials", "That One Time When Lucasfilm Sued President Reagan's Star Wars Program", Strategic Defense Initiative Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Interview with George Keyworth about Star Wars Program, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative. Perestroika is a Russian word meaning restructuring. Posted BY: | NwoReport (Natural News) Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter also a former United States Marine Corps officer joins Mike Adams in a far-reaching interview that covers Ukraine, Russia, NATO, and Nord Stream. Solidarity played a pivotal role in bringing about liberal reform and free elections in Poland in 1989. Reagan instructed Secretary of State Shultz to give Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. Anatoly Dobrynin an advance copy of the speech announcing SDI. Political scientist Kerry L. Hunter explained this phenomenon: The power of Reagans Star Wars visionlay in its utopian characteristics. Glasnost made the Soviet economy more open. Causes of the Cold War. A number of [rogue] states are acquiring increasingly longer-range ballistic missiles as instruments of blackmail and coercion against the United States and its friends and allies, read an official statement. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), derisively nicknamed the "Star Wars program", was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles). In most cases, local communist, socialist and left-wing groups were merged into larger parties. It overlooked an area of flat land that was considered a likely invasion route for Warsaw Pact tanks. It was the first such missile tested in the USSR, inaugurating the opening in 1947 of the Soviet Union's first missile test range at Kapustin Yar. Initially, the program focused on large scale systems designed to defeat a massive Soviet offensive strike. The Mutual Defence Assistance Act is an act of the US Congress, passed in October 1949. Early deployment plans were met with little interest, but by the late 1960s, public meetings on the Sentinel system were met by thousands of angry protesters. The technology was also used to develop the Tactical High Energy Laser, (THEL) which is being tested to shoot down artillery shells.[64]. At Geneva, for example, Reagan proposed that the two sides reduce their respective nuclear arsenals by 50% but was unwilling to surrender SDI. During the 20th century, Western imperial powers like Britain and France withdrew from colonies in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. The Secret Speech was an address given to the Congress of Soviets by Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev in February 1956. In an interview only a few days after the announcement, Reagan insisted that SDI was not part of a new arms race but instead a path to ridding the world of nuclear weapons altogether. [79], Space Surveillance and Tracking System was a system originally designed for tracking ballistic missiles during their mid-course phase. During this time, the world was largely divided into two ideological camps the United States-led capitalist "West" and the Soviet-dominated communist "East." Canada aligned with the West. It was tasked with analysing the Soviet military threat to the US. The American Physical Society (APS) had been asked by the SDIO to provide a review of the various concepts. SALT I and SALT II were two US-Soviet arms reduction summits, held in 1972 and 1979. [105] Saucier also lost his security clearance. Later on, the program focused on smaller, space-launched missiles known as Brilliant Pebbles.. The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and its subsequent protocol,[102] which limited missile defenses to one location per country at 100 missiles each (which the USSR had and the US did not), would have been violated by SDI ground-based interceptors. 1. [80], The Delta 183 program used a satellite known as Delta Star to test several sensor related technologies. [32] Though classified at the time, a detailed study on a Soviet space-based laser system began no later than 1976 as the Skif, a 1 MW Carbon dioxide laser along with the anti-satellite Kaskad, an in-orbit missile platform. [46] Also, instead of making plans to protect against thousands of incoming missiles, the GPALS system sought to provide flawless protection from up to two hundred nuclear missiles. The Vietnam War, or Second Indochina War, was an Asian conflict involving communist North Vietnam, Viet Cong guerrillas, the United States and US-backed South Vietnam. Sharon Watkins Lang. Scroll down to learn more. Sept. 8, 1944. Russia is likely offering Iran help with its advanced missile program in exchange for military aid for its . The Strategic Defence Initiative was a missile defence program, initiated by the Reagan administration in 1983. ", "L3Harris, SpaceX win Space Development Agency contracts to build missile-warning satellites", "Nuclear Weapons, China, and a Strategic Defense Initiative for this Century", "Today in Space and Missile Defense History", "The Space Review: Plagiarism in several space history articles (page 2)", "The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was Ars Technica", "Here Is the Soviet Union's Secret Space Cannon", Confessions of a Cold Warrior: An Autobiography, "Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative Interagency Intelligence Assessment.1983. Prime Minister Scott Morrison yesterday announced that his government would begin a $1 billion program to build missiles in Australia, for the first time since the 1960s, in close collaboration. And the answer, to the best of my judgment, is yes. A 1961 decommissioned Atlas-F intercontinental ballistic missile silo complex is for sale. The Missile Defense Agency's Airborne Laser program uses a chemical laser which has successfully intercepted a missile taking off,[65] so an offshoot of SDI could be said to have successfully implemented one of the key goals of the program. Secret Speech The Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) program was part of SDI's Theater Missile Defense Program and was an extension of the Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment (FLAGE), which included developing hit-to-kill technology and demonstrating the guidance accuracy of a small, agile, radar-homing vehicle. This act required communist organisations to register with the government, while government agencies were given power to investigate subversive activities. Ostpolitik was a Dtente era policy adopted by West Germany and its leader, Willy Brandt. Contains words and terms from M to Z. The granting of support and aid to freedom fighters (anti-communist groups and movements) was at the core of the Reagan Doctrine. Nuclear winter describes a theoretical period of several months following a major nuclear exchange. "This was a routine test of a space vehicle to verify technology of spacecraft's reusability," said Zhao . Their initial report was presented in 1986, but due to classification issues it was not released to the public (in redacted form) until early 1987.[44]. As U.S. The USSR would join this alliance following Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia by Nazi Germany. It culminated a brief border war in 1969. socialism nuclear sharing smaller, space-launched missiles known as Brilliant Pebbles., the Soviet economy was teetering on the brink of disaster, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), has studied the possibilities of space-based anti-ballistic missile technology, a speech to the Federal Assembly in March 2018. U-2s were used chiefly to collect surveillance photographs. British newspaper The Guardian followed up on this report, in its own article amusingly titled "Object downed by U.S. missile may have been amateur hobbyists' $12 balloon". They put together an all-star panel including many of the inventors of the laser, one of which was a Nobel laureate. Early prototypes were essentially single-use weapons, requiring complete replacement of the rails after each firing. [citation needed] Furthermore, the MAD argument was criticized on the grounds that MAD only covered intentional, full-scale nuclear attacks by a rational, non-suicidal opponent with similar values. Stasi was an abbreviation for the Ministry of State Security, a secret police agency in socialist East Germany. The Soviet Union retaliated by boycotting the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. By 1966, the U.S. Navy had built 41 Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, dubbed " 41 for Freedom ," loaded with a combined total of 656 missiles. The need for an effective anti-ballistic missile system grew considerably in Reagans eyes after he visited the headquarters of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in 1979. The technology developed for the HOE system was later used by the SDI and expanded into the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interception System (ERIS) program. Policy makers tied it closely with the domino theory. Without Reagan to support it, SDIs funding plummeted in the early 1990s. It was detonated in remote northern Russia in 1961. [4] Proceedings of these conferences include papers on the status of chemical and other high power lasers at the time. During the Cold War NATO served as an anti-Soviet bloc alliance. Signed on May 14, 1955, the Warsaw Pact established the Warsaw Treaty Organization, a mutual defense alliance that was originally composed of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Specifically, they noted that all of the systems had to improve their energy output by at least 100 times, and in some cases as much as a million. The Soviet effort was small before August 1945. The UN has many roles, including investigating international problems and forming resolutions to avoid conflict. It contains launch codes and other information needed if a nuclear strike or retaliation is needed. Above all else, Soviet leaders feared that SDI would pave the way for weaponizing space. Along with reduced Cold War tensions, Gorbachev was aware that the U.S. Congress was cutting SDIs budget and had been assured by physicist Andrei Sakharov that the missile defense technology was far from complete. Stacked with hardliners and anti-communists, Team Bs report greatly exaggerated Soviet weapons stockpiles and falsely claimed that Moscow was willing to initiate war with the US. Final hover testing occurred in 1992 using miniaturized components similar to what would have actually been used in an operational interceptor. Their Project Defender studied all sorts of systems, before abandoning most of them to concentrate on Project BAMBI. Instead of a heavy defense aimed at ICBMs, this report suggested realigning the deployment for the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS). The Securitate was the secret police force of socialist Romania for much of the Cold War. With both devices reportedly designed to pre-emptively destroy any US satellites that might be launched in the future which could otherwise aid US missile defense. Speech of Hope Throughout most of the Cold War, American nuclear power was the primary deterrent which prevented a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. This US-financed relief package provided funds to European nations to assist their reconstruction after World War II. Its aim was to improve communications and economic ties with East Germany. This was part of Canada's role during the Cold War to defend North America against an attack from the Soviet Union. used operationally late in the war, was the system most extensively studied arid emulated by the Soviets. Ambassador to Canada Thomas Niles explained, The Europeans saw SDI as an indication that the United States, at least theoretically, was interested in backing away from this commitment to Europe and building a Fortress America, with this high-tech system that would protect us, but not them.. Russification To the original SDS, GPALS added a new mobile ground-based missile, and added more low-orbit satellites known as Brilliant Eyes to feed information to the Pebbles. Edward Teller, for example, was an early proponent of the satellite X-ray laser, although it was ultimately ineffective. A satellite nation is nominally independent but relies on a larger nation for political direction and economic support. This account was also confirmed by Teller, who wrote, Fifteen years later, I discovered that [Reagan] had been very interested in those ideas (Teller 509). Maybe that is the greatest benefit (251). Lend-Lease was the most visible sign of wartime cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union. National Liberation Front (see Viet Cong). As far back as 1946, the United States had began to research ABM systems capable of intercepting short-range weapons akin to the German V-2 of World War 2. The Warsaw Pact was an alliance of European communist nations, formed in 1955. Revisionist historians The United Nations is a multilateral body, formed in 1945. Under BMDO, ERINT was later chosen as the MIM-104 Patriot (Patriot Advanced Capability-3,PAC-3) missile.[48]. A sphere of influence is a region or group of nations controlled or influenced by another powerful nation. Hanhimaki, Jussi M. and Odd Arne Westad, eds. The U.S. and the Soviets were deep in the Cold War, and Reagan felt that the SDI would provide protection against a Soviet missile attack by intercepting missiles while they were still in the air, according to Atomic Archive. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: julienraynaudart.com Julien Raynaud - OFFICIAL WEBSITE AND ONLINE GALLERY This was later proved to be incorrect. A revolution is a period of rapid political, social and/or economic change in a particular nation or region. Macmillan was referring to the rising tide of nationalism in Africa, as well as opposition to the South African governments policy of apartheid. An early estimate suggested one would have to spend $20 on defense for every $1 the Soviets spent on offense. In 2001, President George W. Bush announced his administrations plan to withdraw from the ABM Treaty within six months. Between 1971 and 1974, all Lafayette, Madison, and. An early focus of the SDI effort was an X-ray lasers powered by nuclear explosions. Railguns can generate muzzle-velocities in excess of 2.4 kilometers per second.[70]. ", "Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Marxism [106], George Lucas, Lucasfilm CEO and the creator of Star Wars, sued Reagan for stealing the name based on his franchise. An curved arrow pointing right. Reagan reportedly was very taken by Tellers briefing on directed-energy weapons (DEWs), such as lasers and microwaves. mujahideen What about our allies and the strategic doctrine on which we and they depend? (Shultz 250). thermonuclear weapon The report considered all of the systems then under development, and concluded none of them were anywhere near ready for deployment. Despite its many critics, the Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately very popular with the American public. Rhodes, Richard. It was in charge of Americas airborne assets, including strategic bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and reconnaissance aircraft. About $11 billion in war matriel was sent to the Soviet Union under that program. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Defense_Initiative&oldid=1139087432, The immediate tactical action to reduce vulnerability, such as, Counter strategies which exploit a weakness of an opposing system, such as adding more. Although the Soviet military budget remained a closely guarded secret, some American estimates concluded that it accounted for 15-17% of the Soviet Unions annual GDP. Soviet research into anti-ballistic missiles had begun in the 1970s, well before Reagan announced SDI, but it was quickly made a top priority in 1983. The U-2 was an American spy plane used widely during the Cold War. It was the ideology that underpinned socialism in the Soviet Union and other Soviet bloc nations. Red Scare A neutron bomb is a thermonuclear weapon that delivers high amounts of radiation but with low explosive yield. [31], Development of laser weapons in the Soviet Union began in 19641965. Sovietisation Ronald Reagans advocacy of the Strategic Defense Initiative struck me as bizarre, Gorbachev wrote in his memoirs. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. The Titan II Missile program was a Cold War weapons system featuring fifty-four launch complexes in three states. Orthodox Trotskyism/orthodox one world democratic communism can defeat bullshit.<br><br>It's all bullshit.<br><br>A life of evil will treat you like Hamlet or the half Native Indian-white boy from that movie with Leonardo DiCaprio, The Revenant.<br><br>Hamlet was suffering because of his uncle. The reason for so many programs was the rapidly changing strategic threat; the Soviets claimed to be producing missiles "like sausages", and ever-more missiles would be needed to defend against this growing fleet. Brilliant Eyes was renamed Space and Missile Tracking System (SMTS) and scaled back further under BMDO, and in the late 1990s it became the low earth orbit component of the Air Force's Space Based Infrared System (SBIRS). post-colonialism The Strategic Defense Initiative was ultimately most effective not as an anti-ballistic missile defense system, but as a propaganda tool which could put military and economic pressure on the Soviet Union to fund their own anti-ballistic missile system. Brilliant Pebbles was a non-nuclear system of satellite-based interceptors designed to use high-velocity, watermelon-sized, teardrop-shaped projectiles made of tungsten as kinetic warheads. Its role was to gather information and intelligence by monitoring, intercepting and deciphering radio and signals traffic. and particularly London. The Marshall Plan was a name given to the European Recovery Plan (ERP). We thought it was wacko (Rhodes 206). Vietnam War Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 08:35. The Cold War was called cold because of the lack. That R&D program aimed to develop the world's first effective anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system. Unfortunately, the operational cost of such a system would be enormous, and the US Air Force continually rejected such concepts. An anti-ballistic missile systemone which would give the United States complete protection from the Soviet Unionwas the natural next step. A proxy war is a conflict where larger nations support and supply smaller nations involved in a war or civil war, without becoming directly involved. At 50 megatons it was the largest nuclear weapon ever constructed and tested. Launched on the same rocket as the RME, the Low-power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (LACE) satellite was built by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to explore atmospheric distortion of lasers and real-time adaptive compensation for that distortion. It was named for Senator Joe McCarthy, its chief instigator. Reagan pitched building an ambitious anti-missile system in 1983 dubbed "Star Wars." The R&D effort, which included space-based lasers, was sidetracked by funding shortfalls and the collapse of. The era began shortly after World War II in the mid-to-late 1940s and lasted until the Soviet Union was dissolved in the early '90s. After his election in 1980, President Reagan demonstrated a continued interest in anti-ballistic missile technology from the early stages of his administration. Orthodox historians There were several attempts to Russify ethnic and national minorities in the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Paul Nitze, Cold War Arms Expert, Dies at 97, "Threat and Opportunity: The Soviet View of the Strategic Defense Initiative". Date published: September 14, 2018 Terra-3 was a Soviet laser testing centre, located on the Sary Shagan anti-ballistic missile (ABM) testing range in the Karaganda Region of Kazakhstan. While U.S.-Soviet relations had been strained since the end of World War II, fears of war between the two nuclear superpowers peaked with the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. The announcement by Russian President Vladimir Putin that Russia would suspend its participation in the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) brings an unwelcome degree of clarity to a situation the United States almost certainly would have to face three years from now. These missiles were intended to attack the enemy warheads that the Smart Rocks had missed. Its policymakers wanted to contain Soviet communism to keep Europe and the world free for US companies and American trade. The missile gap refers toan American perception, common in the 1950s, that the Soviet Union possessed a larger stockpile of ballistic missiles. Features of SDIincluded early warning systems, missile interception systems and research into the use of armed satellites. [84], A major objective of that strategy was the political separation of Western Europe from the United States, which the Soviets sought to facilitate by aggravating allied concern over the SDI's potential implications for European security and economic interests.

Scorpio Rising Father, Eastern Randolph Football Score, Should I Kill Alexander Divinity 2, Binding Contract Mtg Explained, Mario Death Ray Unblocked, Articles A